1242 Battle of Kuzadagh: The Mongols defeat the Seljuks

1249 Battle of Fossalta: The Bolognese defeat the Modenese

1402 Battle of Casalecchio: Bolognese & Florentines under Giovanni I Bentivoglio of Bologna are defeated by Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, the Malatesta of Rimini, & the Gonzaga of Mantua

1483 Richard III usurps the English throne, stashing Edward V & his brother in the Tower, from which they will never emerge

1707 Marshal Daun's Austrian Army invades Spanish-held Naples

1775 Washington visits NY en route to assume command of the army at Boston.

1794 Battle of Fleurus: French defeat the Austro-English, to secure Belgium

1830 William IV, former naval person, ascends the British throne (1830-1837)

1848 Battle of Castrovillari: The Neapolitan Borbons defeat Sicilian-Calabrese revolutionaries

1857 Indian Mutiny: Cawnpore massacre

1857 Queen Victoria awards the first VCs, decorating 62 veterans of the Crimea in Hyde Park

1861 Skirmish at Patterson's Ford/Kelly's Island, Va

1862 Day 2 of the Seven Days: Battle of Mechanicsville

1898 Action near Santiago: the US and Spanish troops skirmish at Sevilla

1898 Action off Santiago: US ships & Spanish batteries exchange fire

1902 Britain establishes the Order of Merit

1917 First American combat troops arrive in France

1924 US Marines leave the Dominican Republic, after 8 years of occupation

1934 Germany and Poland sign a non-aggression pact

1939 Polish anti-aircraft gunners down a German plane that had "strayed" over the Hela Peninsula

1941 Nazi-collaborators in Lithuania massacre 2,300 Jews in Kovno

1942 NE New Guinea: Australian Kanga Force raids Salamaua

1943 Since Dec 7, 1941, Japan has lost 2 million g.r.t. of shipping

1944 Japanese capture U.S. airbase at Hengyang, China

1963 Berlin: Kennedy's "Ich bin ein Berliner" is wildly applauded

1978 Breton separatists bomb the Palace of Versailles