306 Constantine I "the Great" is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the troops at York (306-337)

1139 Battle of Ourique: King Affonso I of Portugal defeats the Moors, personally accounting for five enemy knights - see Births

1261 Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII recaptures Constantinople from the Latins

1360 Jews are expelled from Breslau, Silesia

1391 Battle of Alessandria: The Visconti defeat the French

1394 Charles VI expels the Jews from France

1467 Battle of Riccardino/Molinella: Bartolomeo Colleoni's Venetians defeat Federico da Montefeltro's Emilian-Romagna alliance

1501 The French capture Capua amid great slaughter (besieged since the 17th)

1581 Seven Dutch provinces declare independence from Spain

1587 Shogun Hideyoshi bans Christianity in Japan

1593 "Paris is well worth a mass" - Huguenot King Henri IV converts to Catholicism to ensure his hold on the throne of France (r. 1589-1610)

1670 Austrian Emperor Leopold I expels 4,000 Jews from Vienna

1759 The British capture Ft. Niagara from the French

1799 Battle of Abukir: Bonaparte beats the Turks

1813 Battle of Maya: French defeat the English

1814 Battle of Lundy's Lane: Americans defeat the British

1835 Ibrahim Pasha's army attacks Jewish residents of Hebron, Palestine

1848 First Battle of Custoza: Austrians defeat the Piedmontese

1861 Skirmish at Fort Fillmore, NM

1866 David G. Farragut is appointed the first Admiral in the US Navy

1866 U.S. Grant is named the first full general in the history of the US Army

1868 Fall of Humaita: Besieged for nearly two years, the Paraguayan fortress on the Parana River surrenders to the Brazilians

1898 First US troops land in Puerto Rico, at Guanica Bay

1909 Louis Bleriot makes the first airplane flight across the English Channel, from France to England

1912 USN publishes its first specifications for aircraft

1918 Race riot in Chester, Pennsylvania; 3 blacks & 2 whites killed

1934 1st presidential visit to Hawaii: FDR lands from USS 'Houston' (CA-30)

1934 Nazi coup fails in Austria

1938 Spanish Republican Army begins an offensive on the Ebro

1942 Japanese outflank the Maroubra Force, to come within six miles of Kokoda

1943 King Victor Emanuel III & the Fascist Grand Council dismiss Mussolini

1943 New Georgia: 25th Inf Div lands, to join heavy fighting

1943 RAF bombs Fokker airplane factory in Amsterdam

1944 Allied breakthrough at St-Lo, Patton begins his drive across France

1944 First jet fighter used in combat, the Messerschmitt 262

1945 Japan says it will surrender, but not unconditionally

1946 US detonates an underwater A-bomb at Bikini, the fifth atomic explosion

1947 The US Army, Navy, & Air Force are subordinated to the new Department of Defense

1956 Italian liner 'Andrea Doria' is rammed by the off-course Swedish ship 'Stockholm' near Nantucket, shortly before midnight

1963 US, Russia, and Britain sign the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

1966 Mao Zedong (73) allegedly swims the Yangtze River

1984 Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya is the first woman to walk in space (Salyut 7)

1994 Israel & Jordan formally end a state of war that existed since 1948

1998 USS 'Harry S. Truman' (CVN-75) is commissioned